Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games [electronic resource] /

Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games (ECGG) is a unique reference resource tailored to meet the needs of research and applications for industry professionals and academic communities worldwide. The ECGG covers the history, technologies, and trends of computer graphics and games. Editor-in-Chief Newton Lee, Institute for Education, Research, and Scholarships, Los Angeles, CA, USA Academic Co-Chair Anthony L. Brooks, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Shlomo Dubnov, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Industry Co-Chair Shuichi Kurabayashi, Cygames, Inc. & Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan Xiaomao Wu, Gritworld GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany Editorial Board Leigh Achterbosch, Federation University Australia, School of Science, Engineering, IT and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen, Ballarat, VIC, Australia Ramazan S. Aygun, Kennesaw State University, Department of Computer Science, Marietta, GA, USA Gilberto Bernardes, INESC TEC and University of Porto, Faculty of Engineering, Porto, Portugal Barbaros Bostan, Bahçeşehir University (BAU), BUG Game Lab, Istanbul, Turkey Guven Catak, Bahçeşehir University (BAU), BUG Game Lab, Istanbul, Turkey Anirban Chowdhury, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Department of User Experience and Interaction Design, School of Design (SoD), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Saverio Debernardis, Politecnico di Bari, Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Bari, Italy Roberto Dillon, James Cook University, Singapore Abdennour El Rhalibi, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK Stefano Ferretti, University of Bologna, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bologna, Italy Michele Fiorentino, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy Alexandros Gouvatsos, DNEG, Research & Development, London, UK Han Hu, Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing, China Patrick C. K. Hung, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Faculty of Business and IT, Oshawa, ON, Canada Susan Johnston, Select Services Films Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA Chris Joslin, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Sicilia Ferreira Judice, University of Calgary, Dept. of Computer Science, Calgary, Canada Hoshang Kolivand, Liverpool John Moores University, Department Computer Science, Liverpool, UK Vicki Lau, Seyenapse, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jaci Lee Lederman, Vincennes University, Vincennes, IN, USA Fotis Liarokapis, Cyprus University of Technology, Cyprus Lizhaung Ma, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Dario Maggiorini, University of Milan, Department of Computer Science, Milano, Italy Tim McGraw, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Youichiro Miyake, Square Enix Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Andrés Adolfo Navarro-Newball, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Electronics and Computer Science, Cali, Colombia Anton Nijholt, University of Twente, Department EEMCS, Human Media Interaction (HMI), Enschede, Netherlands Niels Christian Nilsson, Aalborg University Copenhagen, København, SV, Denmark Yoshihiro Okada, Kyushu University Library, Innovation Center for Educational Resource, Fukuoka, Japan George Papagiannakis, University of Crete, Computer Science Department, Heraklion, Greece; Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece Florian Richoux, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France Andrea Sanna, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Turin, Italy Yann Savoye, Liverpool John Moores University, Department of Computer Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom Sercan Şengün, Illinois State University, Wonsook Kim College of Fine Arts, Normal, IL, USA Ruck Thawonmas, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan Rojin Vishkaie, Ball State University, College of Communication, Information, and Media, Muncie, IN, USA Duncan A. H. Williams, University of York, Digital Creativity Labs, Department of Computer Science, York, UK Kevin Wong, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Sai-Keung Wong, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan .